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The Ides of MarchThe Ides of March, 44 BCIssue the Third

Caesar stabbed to death in the Senate at Pompey’s hall

Reconstructed from historical sources

Caesar was struck down by senators’ daggers in Pompey’s hall this morning; his killers hold the Capitol, Rome has barred its doors, and Antony and Lepidus are to give their answer tomorrow.

The back wall of the hall in Pompey's portico, where the Senate sat this morning.
The back wall of the hall in Pompey’s portico, where the Senate sat this morning.Photograph by Arbormas, via Wikimedia Commons · CC0

ROME, the Ides of March.—Gaius Julius Caesar, dictator, was stabbed to death this morning in the Senate, in the hall of Pompey’s portico, by a band of senators among whom were the praetor Marcus Brutus and Cassius.

Trebonius kept the consul Antony talking outside. Within, Caesar took his seat as the senators stood. Some of the plotters gathered behind his chair, while others came forward as if to support Tillius Cimber, who had a petition for his exiled brother.

Cimber seized Caesar’s toga and pulled it from his neck, so that he could not defend himself. It was the signal. Casca struck first, a shallow wound near the neck, and Caesar caught hold of the blade.

Accursed Casca, what doest thou?Julius Caesar, dictator, as Casca struck the first blow

“Accursed Casca, what doest thou?” Caesar cried. Casca called out in Greek to his brother: “Brother, help!”

Then the blows came from every side. Decimus Brutus Albinus, who had brought Caesar from his house to the Senate, was among those who struck. Caesar drew his toga over his face and fell against the base of Pompey’s statue, which ran with his blood. The attack went on after he had fallen.

He received twenty-three wounds. So hasty were the men with daggers that they wounded one another; Marcus Brutus was hurt in the hand.

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Appian, Civil Wars book 2 (tr. Horace White, 1899) · Cassius Dio, Roman History book 44 (Loeb, tr. Cary, 1917) · Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919).

Calpurnia begged him to stay at home

Reconstructed from historical sources

ROME, the Ides of March.—Caesar went to the Senate this morning against the pleas of his wife, his doctors and his friends, and after the seers had found every sign against him.

In the night the doors and windows of his bedroom flew open, and Calpurnia, asleep beside him, groaned and cried out. She dreamed she was holding her murdered husband in her arms and mourning him. Caesar himself dreamed he flew above the clouds and clasped the hand of Jupiter.

At dawn Calpurnia begged him not to go out, but to put off the Senate, or at least to seek other omens. His friends urged the same, and so did his doctors, troubled by his dizzy spells. The seers tried victim after victim, and each gave a bad sign. Caesar resolved to send Antony to dismiss the Senate.

Are you going to pay any attention to a woman's dreams and foolish men's omens, a man such as you?Decimus Brutus Albinus, to Caesar at his house

Then Decimus Brutus Albinus came. The senators had gathered at Caesar’s own summons, he said, and stood ready to vote him king of the provinces outside Italy, with leave to wear a diadem on land and sea. What would his enemies say if they were sent home until Calpurnia had better dreams? If he still thought the day unlucky, let him go and adjourn it himself.

“Are you going to pay any attention to a woman’s dreams and foolish men’s omens, a man such as you?” Decimus asked him. Word came that the House was full, and Decimus took him by the hand and led him out.

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Suetonius, Divus Julius (Loeb, tr. Rolfe, 1914) · Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923) · Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919).

A seer, a scroll and a senator on the road to the Senate

Reconstructed from historical sources

ROME, the Ides of March.—On his way to the Senate this morning Caesar met the soothsayer Spurinna, who had warned him of the Ides, and greeted him with a jest.

“Well, the Ides of March are come,” Caesar said. Spurinna answered him quietly: “Aye, they are come, but they are not gone.”

Further on, Artemidorus of Cnidus, a teacher of Greek philosophy who knows men of Brutus’s circle, pressed a small roll on him. Caesar commonly hands such papers to his attendants, so Artemidorus came close and told him: “Read this, Caesar, by thyself, and speedily; for it contains matters of importance and of concern to thee.”

Well, the Ides of March are comeJulius Caesar, greeting the soothsayer on his way to the Senate

Caesar took the roll and tried several times to read it, but the crowd kept claiming his attention, and he went into the Senate with it still in his hand.

At the hall the senator Popilius Laenas hurried up to Caesar and talked with him a long while. The men waiting with daggers, watching, feared they had been found out and reached for their weapons. Brutus saw from Laenas’s manner that he was eagerly asking a favour, not denouncing anyone. Laenas made it plain that his business was his own, and left after kissing Caesar’s hand.

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Suetonius, Divus Julius (Loeb, tr. Rolfe, 1914) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918), chapters 7-22 · Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918).

Senators flee, the theatre empties and Rome bars its doors

Reconstructed from historical sources

ROME, the Ides of March.—Flight spread from the Senate hall through the whole city as soon as the deed was done.

Senators who knew nothing of the plot stood struck dumb, then ran. Marcus Brutus tried to speak to them, calling for calm and declaring that a tyrant had been slain, but he could not make himself heard, and they jammed the doorway.

In the theatre, where a show of gladiators was under way, the crowd broke and ran. Gladiators armed for the games ran into the Senate’s gallery, and the markets were plundered. Rumour had it that the whole Senate was being butchered, or that Caesar’s soldiers were sacking the city.

Run! bolt doors! bolt doors!citizens of Rome, crying in the streets

Some senators were hurt or killed in the rush, and citizens and strangers died in the confusion.

“Run! bolt doors! bolt doors!” went the cry in the streets. Citizens shut their front doors and took to their roofs to defend them; others left their shops and ran.

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923) · Appian, Civil Wars book 2 (tr. Horace White, 1899) · Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918) · Cassius Dio, Roman History book 44 (Loeb, tr. Cary, 1917).

The men with daggers hold the Capitol

Reconstructed from historical sources

A silver denarius struck at Rome ten years ago by Marcus Junius Brutus, then a young officer of the mint.
A silver denarius struck at Rome ten years ago by Marcus Junius Brutus, then a young officer of the mint.Photograph by Roman Republic mint (M. Junius Brutus, moneyer); photograph by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Dec. 31, 54 BC · Public domain (Met Open Access, CC0)

ROME, the Ides of March.—The men who struck Caesar have gone up to the Capitol, and tonight they hold it.

They came through the streets with bloody hands and bare daggers, their togas wound about their left arms as shields, one of them carrying a cap of freedom on a spear. They called on the people to take back their freedom and restore the old government, naming Brutus’s ancestor and the ancient oath against kings.

The people did not rally to them. Some who had no part in the killing ran with them in hope of a share of the glory, and the leading men who came up to join them were made welcome. Their gladiators and slaves followed them up the hill, where they have posted a guard.

Appian, Civil Wars book 2 (tr. Horace White, 1899) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918).

Caesar’s body carried home; Antony shuts himself in

Reconstructed from historical sources

ROME, the Ides of March.—Caesar’s body lay where it fell while nearly all his friends fled or hid. Only Calvisius Sabinus and Censorinus stood their ground for a moment, and they too were driven off.

A man near the body cried out: “Enough of truckling to a tyrant.”

Three slaves set the body in a litter and carried it home through the Forum, one arm hanging down. People wept as it passed, and Calpurnia ran out, crying that she had warned him not to go.

Enough of truckling to a tyranta bystander near Caesar's body

Antony, the consul, slipped away from the hall in the clothes of an ordinary citizen. Fearing that he too was marked, he has fortified his house. Lepidus, master of the horse, has marched his legion onto the Campus Martius, ready to act on Antony’s orders.

Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923) · Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919) · Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918) · Appian, Civil Wars book 2 (tr. Horace White, 1899).

Capitol sends to Antony and Lepidus; answer tomorrow

ROME.—Tonight the men on the Capitol sent envoys to Antony and to Lepidus, inviting them to a meeting and promising that every grant Caesar made to either man will stand. Both replied that they would give their answer tomorrow. Tonight every man in the city looks to his own property, and both sides keep their forces ready.

Nicolaus of Damascus (tr. C. M. Hall, 1923).

Caesar’s answer at supper: what death is best

ROME.—The city is repeating what Caesar said at supper last night, when the company fell to asking which death is best. Before anyone else could speak he cried out his answer: “That which is unexpected.”

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919).

Porcia faints at her husband’s house

ROME.—At the house of Marcus Brutus, his wife Porcia was distressed all morning and sent out to ask every messenger from the Forum how her husband fared. At last she fainted where she sat among her servants. A story went round that she had died; she has come round and is in the care of her women.

Plutarch, Life of Brutus (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1918).

A slave with news waits in Caesar’s house

ROME.—As Caesar left his house this morning, a slave belonging to another household pushed through the crowd and went in. He asked Calpurnia to keep him there until Caesar came back, saying he had matters of importance to tell him.

Plutarch, Life of Caesar (Loeb, tr. Perrin, 1919).

Start The Ides of March from issue one tomorrow

Wayback Wire · No. 3 · The Ides of March, 44 BC